In recent years, the plywood and veneer industry of Iran has undergone negative growth due to shortage of proper diameter logs and also lack of innovative technologies for the use of low diameter logs; Moreover, demands for lignocelluloses products has been growing as a consequence of significant increase in population and expansion of construction Industry, especially in major cities. Hence, it is necessary to cultivate fast-growing species. For this purpose four logs of Paulownia (120 cm length and 55 cm diameter) were prepared from the Gorgan shast Kalate forests and then transported to Kosar factory in order to prepare veneers. Produced layers were transferred to the wood laboratory of Gorgan University. Then plywood was manufactured from Paulownia species on the basis of the standard 3210 of ISIRI (Institute of Standards and Industrial Researches of Iran) and common tests of plywood were made. The results showed that the mechanical properties of manufactured boards were upper than with standards defined by ISIRI and the physical properties of those manufactured with urea formaldehyde glue were lower than standards which can be considered as negative properties; Albeit, they were not significant and can be disregarded.

Paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) is one of the exotic tress which has been successfully growing in Gorgan region since twenty five years ago. The eight years old Paulownia trees have born hundred percent juvenile wood, in which fiber length for the first and eighth annual rings were measured 0.800 and 1.11 mm respectively. Postcambial growth of fiber length begins starting from the sixth annual ring. Fiber diameter and thickness in the first annual ring were 31.00 and 4. 14 and in the eighth annual ring 33.18 and 5.18 micrometers respectively. A maximum coefficient of variation was found for fiber thickness, while a minimum value obtained for fiber diameter. Minimum fiber diameter variation was observed starting from first to eighth annual rings, in which fiber indices were measured 26 and 34 respectively. Water soluble extractive material was measured 6.94%, the most among all solutions.Aceton and aceton+alcohol soluble and extractable materials were 5.05% and 4.88% respectively, very similar to each other. Average lignin content was calculated as 29.77%,that is pretty high and comparable with coniferous, lignin content. Cellulose and hemicelluloses contents were measured as 45.55% and 24.66% respectively.

Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan leaf’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern characteristics must be taken into account.

Forest inventory and estimation the volume of trees plays an important role in recognizing the status in forests and sustainable management plans. With the exact data on the volum of timber, managers can make the right decisions and ensure the continuity of timber cultivation. The form factor is one of the most important factors in determining the exact volume of trees. The aim of this study, determination of form factor for three specie Paulownia in the Dr. Bahramnia Forests Plan of Gorgan, And comparison of the real form factor with the natural, artificial, and hohnadl factors. In this research four type of form factors including real, natural, artificial, and hohnadl factors for Paulownia were evaluated in the Dr. Bahramnia Forests Plan of Gorgan, Golestan province. For this purpose we applied from 20 Paulownia trees in different diameter at breast height classes(less than 30, 30 to 50, more than 50cm). In each tree, height, diameter at breast height (D. B. H) and diameter at 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 5, 0. 7 and 0. 9 of tree height as well as diameter at two tops of 2m long logs were measured. Also, the height and diameter of the clog and the length of the tree was also measured. The volume of the trunk were calculated from the sum of 2 m long logs volumes and using the Smalian formula. Then the form factors (real, natural, artificial, and hohnadl) were calculated. The results showed that true, natural, artificial, and hohnadl form factor value were 0. 408, 0. 427, 0. 304 and 0. 416 respectively. Also there were significant statistical differences between artificial and natural with true form factor (α = 0. 05), but There was no significant difference between the true with hohnadl and natural form factors. According to the results of this research, we can conclude that the natural and hohnad form factors can be used as an appropriate form factors for Paulownia.

Introduction: The dry climate and water scarcity in most areas of Iran caused to serious restriction in planting fodder. Therefore, it is very important to find new fodder sources to feed ruminants in order to reduce the ration costs. One of the new sources of fodder that may have a favorable nutritional value are plants of the Paulowniaceae family in China, East Asia and some parts of Iran. Several types of Paulownia are known in the world. These plants are known for their high growth rate and intense photosynthesis, which are specific to C4 plants, and with wide leaves with a diameter of about 90 cm. The commercial production of Paulownia wood generates a large quantity of leaves, which are typically used as natural fertilizers.At the age of about 6 to 8 years, the production leaf of each Paulownia tree reaches about 100 kg. When the leaves have a favorable nutritional value, they can be used as fodder in feeding ruminants. In Iran, there has been no study on the nutritional value of Paulownia leaves for use in animal feed. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the chemical composition of Paulownia leaves and the chemical composition, gas production parameters, digestion and fermentation characteristics of the silages from the mixture of different levels of Paulownia leaves (Tebjoo hybrid variety) and fodder corn in vitro.Materials and Methods: The corn forage and Paulownia leaves (Tebjoo hybrid variety) were prepared. At first, the chemical composition of corn forage and Paulonia leaf samples was determined based on the conventional methods. Then, both forages were chopped into 2-4 cm sizes using a hand chopper for silage preparation. Experimental treatments included silages containing different ratios of fodder corn and Paulownia leaves (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100). The materials were compacted in the plastic containers and the silage period lasted 60 days. Determining the chemical composition of fresh fodders and the nutritional value of experimental silages including chemical composition, in vitro gas production and fermentation parameters, digestibility and enzyme activity were carried out based on a completely random design.Results and Discussion: Results indicated that dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), lignin, non-fibrer carbohydrates (NFC) and water soluble carbohydrates content of fresh Paulownia leaves were 266, 911, 173, 402, 201, 35.5, 86.4, 404 and 91.2 g/kg DM, respectively. The mentioned chemical composition in Paulownia silage were 273, 902, 164, 393, 191, 38.8, 74.5, 386 and 25.4 g/kg DM, respectively. With increasing the proportion of Paulownia leaf in silage, DM, CP, lignin, EE, ammonia nitrogen concentration increased linearly (P<0.05). However, OM, NDF and ADF decreased linearly (P<0.05). By increasing the ratio of Paulownia leaf to corn in th silage, in vitro gas production (GP) in 24, 36 and 48 h, GP potential (coefficient b) and short-chain volatile fatty acids concentration decreased linearly (P<0.05), although it linearly increased ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial protein synthesis (P<0.05). The carboxymethyl cellulase and filter paper degrading activities decreased linearly with increasing the inclusion level of Paulownia leaf in silage (P<0.05). However, ruminal alpha-amylase and protease activity showed a linear increase (P<0.05).Conclusion: The present study showed that the Paulownia leaf of Tebjoo hybrid variety has a favorable nutritional value as a new forage source in animal nutrition. Also, the preparation of silages including different ratio of Paulownia leaves and corn is recommended for animal feeding in the conditions of significant shortage of protein resources in the country. Future research is warranted to investigate how Paulownia leaf affect ruminant performance.

Tomato leaf curl virus (TLCY, Family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing a destructive disease of tomato in many regions of India, East Asia and Australia. While TLCY isolates from Australia, Bangalore (India) and Taiwan and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCY) isolates from different regions of Asia, Europe and America have a single genomic component (designated DNA A), those from Northern India and Thailand have two components (DNA A and DNA B). Previously, TYLCY-like geminiviruses have been identified from southern provinces of Iran causing leaf curling, stunting, and severe reduction in fruits of tomato plants in the fields. We have used degenerate DNA A specific PCR primers to clone part of the genome of an Iranian isolate of TLCY (TLCY-Ir) from field-infected tomato plants growing in Iranshahr, Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Degenerate DNA B-specific PCR primers did not amplify a putative DNA B from infected tomato under conditions that DNA B fragments were amplified from plants infected with Tomato golden mosaic virus, a known bipartite begomovirus. The full-length 2763 nucleotide DNA A genome of TLCY-Ir was sequenced and compared to Iranian isolate of TYLCY (TYLCY-Ir, previously sequenced by Bananej et al., (GcnBank accession No. AJ 132711) isolated from tomato in the same region.As other monopartite TLCV and TYLCV isolates, both TLCV-Ir and TYLCV-Ir genomes contain six open reading frames, two on the virion-sense strand and four on the complementary-sense strand. Sequence comparisons indicated that TLCV-Ir is substantially different from TYLCV-Ir with only 79% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed while the TYLCV-Ir represents an isolate of TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-Is) group, the TLCV-Ir is closer to TLCV isolates from southern India (TLCVs-Bangalore 2-5) which are most similar to other WTGs infecting tomato and cotton in Pakistan, India and East Asia and differ substantially from T(Y)LCVs of the Middle East, America, Europe and Australia.Presence of two tomato - infecting begomoviruses in the same area provides a favorable environment for recombination of these viruses.

Treatability of Paulownia wood was carried out using polymerization technique. The main aims of this study were: to determine the treability indices, the role of anatomical factors on fluid flow, flow in radial and tangential flows and comparative study of heart wood and sapwood treatability. The ends and tangential surfaces of some specimens and radial surfaces of the other samples were sealed to examine tangential and radial flows respectively. Specimen dimensions were 2.5×2.5×4cm. Monomeric styrene was chosen to impregnate the specimens. Adding the red dye to monomer before impregnation, the distribution of polymer among different ceel types examined using light microscopy. The results showed that the retention and depth penetration in tangential flow were greater than those in radial flow. No significant difference was observed between retention and penetration of sapwood and latewood. Distribution index in tangential flow was the same as in radial flow. Vessels were treated very weak in all flow directions due to blockage by tylosis; fibers were poorly treated and rays, as well as longitudinal parenchyma, were not treated at all, due to storage of food and deposited materials in their cell lumen.